Think those assigned male at birth don’t get breast cancer? Think again. The American Cancer Society estimates that this year, 2,670 men will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Its occurrence is made worse by the fact that, in most cases, the disease is found at a much later stage in men than in women. Here are eight things you should know, whether you’re a man, or someone who loves one.
#1 Why is male breast cancer caught later than breast cancer in women?
Men often delay seeking care for various health issues, including breast cancer. The time from symptom onset to diagnosis is typically six to 10 months, much longer than for women. This delay can be attributed to societal norms, as men tend to seek care later for various diseases, including testicular and prostate cancers.
#2 What causes breast cancer in men?
Men, like women, are born with breast tissue, which includes fat cells, ductal cells, and fewer lobular cells. Breast cancer in men mostly arises from ductal cells. Higher estrogen levels are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer in men, as well as the presence of breast tissue.
#3 What causes higher estrogen levels, and are there other risk factors?
Several factors contribute to elevated estrogen levels in men, such as obesity, alcohol consumption (especially in men with liver diseases like cirrhosis), and the use of estrogen for treating prostate cancer or during gender-affirming hormone therapy. Working in high-temperature environments has also been connected to higher estrogen levels, although other risk factors remain less understood.
#4 What role do genetics play in male breast cancer?
Genetics play a role, but only about 20% of male breast cancers are linked to family history or genetic predisposition. Lifestyle factors are much more significant contributors. That said, if a family history exists, genetic counseling and testing are recommended, even if insurance won’t cover it.
#5 Are there risk factors trans men should be aware of, and does top surgery reduce risk?
Trans men who have undergone top surgery (mastectomy) significantly lower their risk of breast cancer. Additionally, taking testosterone can reduce the risk, although not as much as the mastectomy itself.
#6 What are the recommendations for breast cancer screening in men?
Currently, there are no general recommendations for breast cancer screening in men without a genetic predisposition. However, all individuals, regardless of gender, should regularly examine themselves, including during routine tasks like showering, to detect any abnormalities in the chest or breast tissue.
#7 How is breast cancer treated in men and is it different from treatment in women?
The main difference is that breast cancer in men is usually diagnosed at a more advanced stage. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor, and since most male breast cancers are sensitive to estrogen, patients often receive tamoxifen for two to five years to block estrogen’s effects and prevent recurrence.
#8 What is the aftercare like for men who have undergone breast cancer treatment?
After treatment, coordinated care from oncologists, primary care doctors, and psychologists or psychiatrists is crucial. Even though male breast cancer is often caught at a later stage, survival rates are comparable to those of female breast cancer patients.
